ABS 012: Exploring the Relationship Between Categorization and Functionality of Repetitive and Stereotyped Motor Movements

Sneha S. Tallam ¹ , Camryn J. Kimura ¹ , You Zhang ¹ , Viren D’Sa ¹ ² , Michelle A. Pievsky ¹ ² |

¹ Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
² Brown University Health Hasbro Children's Neurodevelopment Center, Providence, RI, USA

Van Wickle (2025) Volume 1, ABS 012

Introduction: Repetitive and stereotyped motor movements (RSMMs) are a characteristic of many neurodevelopmental disorders (1). Despite their prevalence, there is no consensus in defining and categorizing RSMMs within the current literature. These inconsistencies present challenges in understanding RSMMs and distinguishing between neurotypical and neurodivergent repetitive movements. The challenge is compounded by some clinical practices that seek to eliminate these movements as a “psychomotor delay” (2), though some literature shows that RSMMs serve purposes like emotional regulation (3). As part of our systematic review of the ways in which RSMMs, including fidgeting, are categorized in existing literature, we explored the relationship between categorization schemes and the functions of these movements.

Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a team of raters screened 716 abstracts and reviewed 238 full texts, identifying 25 eligible studies. Each article underwent dual review, with a third rater resolving disagreements.

Results: Studies used various categorization schemes, such as frequency and triggers (3,4). Several hypothesized functional roles of RSMMs. Two linked RSMMs to self-regulation (1,3), and one proposed some RSMMs aid memory construction (5). Only two studies analyzed the relationship between categorization and function. One found repetitive fidgeting correlated with effective coping and self-regulation, while irregular fidgeting did not (6). Another study reported that macro fidgeting (large movements involving spatial displacement) reduced retention compared to micro fidgeting (7).

Discussion: A unified approach to categorizing RSMMs is lacking. While many studies subtype RSMMs, only two test whether categorization aligns with a hypothesized function. Further research is needed to establish whether RSMM subtypes correspond to distinct outcomes.
Structured and consistent repetitive movements appear to support coping, while macro movements are linked to enhanced attention. Recognizing RSMMs’ functional roles can help medical professionals build rapport with patients and develop interventions promoting healthy movements associated with emotion regulation.